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Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and gut symbionts: chemicals consisting of hydrocarbons discharged from the cuticle permit the recognition of alien termite species.148149 Every colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is a result of genetic and environmental elements such as the termites' diet and the composition of these bacteria within the termites' intestines.150.

Termites rely on alarm communication to defend a colony.134 Alarm pheromones can be released when the nest has been broken or is being attacked by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites constantly avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.151 Additional methods of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids in the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.134152.

In certain species, a few soldiers block tunnels to prevent their enemies from entering the nest, and they may deliberately rupture themselves as an act of defence.153 In cases where the intrusion is coming out of a breach that is larger than the soldier's mind, defence demands a special formations where soldiers form a phalanx-like formation around the violation and sting at intruders.154 When an invasion carried out by Megaponera analis is successful, an entire colony may be destroyed, although this scenario is rare.154.

To termites, any breach of their tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites detect a potential breach, the soldiers usually bang their heads, apparently to attract other troops for defence and also to recruit additional employees to repair any breach.56 Additionally, an alarmed termite bumps into other termites that induces them to be alarmed and to leave pheromone trails to the distressed area, which is also a way to recruit additional workers.56.

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The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae has a specialised caste of soldiers, known as nasutes, that possess the capability to exude noxious liquids through a horn-like frontal projection they use for defence.155 Nasutes have lost their mandibles through the course of evolution and must be fed by employees.59 A vast array of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the fluids that nasutes secrete.156 Likewise, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to protect their nests.157.

Soldiers of the species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis  rupturing a large gland just beneath the surface of their cuticles. The thick, yellow fluid in the gland gets quite tacky on contact with the atmosphere, entangling ants or other insects which are trying to invade the nest.158159 Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, additionally engages in suicidal defence.

When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a cube that denies entry to any outsider.161.

Workers use many different strategies to deal with their deceased, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse entirely.162163164 To prevent pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate carries away a corpse in the colony to dispose of it elsewhere.165 Which approach is utilized depends on the nature of the corpse a worker is dealing with (i.e.

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A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These small brown chunks, get redirected here known as"termite balls", seldom kill the eggsand in some cases the employees tend to them.166 This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.167 A unique mimicking behaviour exists between different species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain termite species within Reticulitermes.

This chemical mimicry makes it possible for the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.168 The developed appendages check this site out on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes allows the beetle to mimic a termite worker.169.

Some species of ant have been known to catch termites to utilize as a fresh food source after on, rather than killing them. By way of example, Formica nigra captures termites, and people who try to escape are immediately seized and driven underground.170 Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species go in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.146 Ants like Megaponera analis assault the exterior of mounds and Dorylinae ants assault underground.146171 Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully.

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54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both occupied and abandoned ones.174 One reason many ants reside in Nasutitermes mounds is due to the termites' frequent occurrence in their own geographical range; another would be to shield themselves from flooding.174175 Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds but no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than a predatory one) is known.116 In rare situations, certain species of termites reside inside active read the full info here ant colonies.176 Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and dwell inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).56 As a result, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts.